Maclura pomifera, also known as Osage orange and hedge apple, is a deciduous diecious tree belonging to the Moraceae, or mulberry family. Maclura pomifera is native to the south central United States, particularly in areas of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and parts of Missouri. The tree can grow up to 30 to 50 feet tall with a canopy spread of 25 to 40 feet with gray-brown, rough textured bark. The branches often have sharp, stout thorns, which can be up to 1 inch long. Leaves are arranged alternatively with simple oval shaped leaves that are glossy and dark green in color and measure 3 to 5 inches long. Maclura pomifera typically blooms in late spring, around May to June, with the flowers appearing after the leaves have emerged with green flowers that are not particularly showy. These give way to large wringly orange-like fruit that have a citrusy fragrance giving this tree its common name. Maclura pomifera is grown as a source of timber for fence posts, bows, and tool handles for its durability and lightweight nature. It is also harvested and processed to make yellow dye. Maclura pomifera prefers full sun but can tolerate partial shade and thrives in well-draining soil. It is adaptable to a variety of soil types, including clay, loam, and sandy soils, while tolerating poor, dry conditions quite well. USDA plant hardiness zones 4 to 9.
Maclura pomifera seeds require a period of cold stratification to germinate reliably. Place the seeds in a ziplock bag with a small amount of moist, but not soaking wet, sterile substrate (i.e. sand, perlite, vermiculite, peat moss, or even a paper towel). Place the ziplock bag inside the refrigerator for 2 to 3 months prior to planting. Ensure the medium remains slightly moist during this period but not too wet to avoid mold growth. After the stratification period, plant the seeds about 1/2 inch deep in a well-draining soil mix. The soil should be kept consistently moist but not waterlogged. Optimal germination temperatures are between 70-80°F. Germination typically takes 1 to 2 months to occur. Even with optimal conditions, germination may be slow and sporadic.
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